Male fertility does not depend only on sperm count. Even when the number of sperm is “okay,” pregnancy can still be difficult if sperm are not moving properly. Asthenozoospermia is the medical term for low sperm motility, meaning sperm cannot swim effectively to reach and fertilise the egg. It’s one of the most common findings in semen analysis reports and a frequent reason couples in Pakistan seek help for infertility.
The good news is that low motility is often improvable, especially when the cause is identified early and treated correctly. In this guide, you’ll learn what asthenozoospermia means, how it is diagnosed, what causes it, and what treatment options can improve motility and increase the chances of conception naturally or with assisted techniques like IUI, IVF, or ICSI.
What Is Asthenozoospermia?
Asthenozoospermia means reduced sperm movement. Sperm are designed to travel through the female reproductive tract to reach the egg. When movement is weak or poorly directed, sperm may not reach the egg in time, or may not reach it at all.
Motility isn’t just “moving” versus “not moving.” The most important type is progressive motility, where sperm move forward in a mostly straight path. Sperm that only wiggle in place or move in circles are considered non-progressive and are less likely to fertilise an egg without help.
Asthenozoospermia can occur alone or along with other issues, such as low sperm count or abnormal shape. When it’s only motility that is low, many couples still conceive especially if the issue is mild and addressed properly.Why Sperm Motility Matters for Fertility
For natural conception, sperm must complete a demanding journey. They need energy, proper tail movement, and the ability to swim forward. Low motility reduces the number of sperm that can reach the egg, and it can also reduce the chances of fertilisation even if sperm arrive.
Motility also matters in fertility treatments. For mild motility issues, washed and prepared sperm can sometimes be used for IUI. For severe motility issues, IVF with ICSI may be recommended because it bypasses the need for sperm to swim long distances.
Types of Sperm Motility (What Your Report Means)
Most labs report motility in a few categories. It helps to understand them because treatment decisions often depend on the pattern:
Progressive Motility
These sperm move forward effectively. This is the most important number for pregnancy.
Non-Progressive Motility
These sperm move but do not travel forward well. They may spin, twitch, or move short distances.
Immotile Sperm
These sperm do not move at all.
Your report may also show “total motility,” which combines progressive and non-progressive movement. In practical terms, doctors focus heavily on progressive motility and the overall “usable” number of moving sperm.
Symptoms: How Men Usually Discover Asthenozoospermia
Most men with low sperm motility feel completely normal. There are usually no obvious symptoms, and sexual performance can be normal. That’s why many couples only discover the issue after months of trying to conceive.
Sometimes, low motility is linked with a treatable problem that may have symptoms, such as a varicocele, infection, or hormonal imbalance. If you have scrotal heaviness, pain, swelling, history of infections, or reduced libido, it’s even more important to get evaluated.
Diagnosis of Asthenozoospermia
Asthenozoospermia is diagnosed when semen analysis shows reduced sperm motility, meaning sperm have difficulty swimming effectively.
Semen Analysis (Main Test)
The primary test is a semen analysis, which evaluates:
Semen volume
Sperm concentration (count)
Motility (progressive and total)
Morphology (shape)
Sometimes vitality and other parameters
If motility is low, that does not automatically mean permanent infertility. It means you need a proper evaluation to understand the cause and plan the right steps.
Repeat Testing Matters
Sperm parameters can vary from sample to sample. Fever, stress, lack of sleep, medication use, and even recent ejaculation patterns can temporarily affect results. Many doctors recommend repeating the test after a short interval, following correct sample guidelines, to confirm the finding.
Vitality Test (When Motility Is Very Low)
If motility is extremely low, a vitality test helps determine whether sperm are alive but not moving, or actually dead. This can change the direction of treatment and fertility planning.
Additional Tests (Depending on the Situation)
If low motility is confirmed, further testing may include:
Hormone tests (testosterone, FSH, LH, prolactin, thyroid)
Scrotal ultrasound (especially to check varicocele)
Infection testing when symptoms or history suggest it
Special tests in select cases, such as antisperm antibodies or genetic workup
The goal is to avoid guessing. Asthenozoospermia has many possible causes, and the right treatment depends on identifying the correct one.
Common Causes of Low Sperm Motility
Low sperm motility is commonly caused by hormonal imbalances, poor lifestyle habits (such as smoking, stress, or obesity), and nutritional deficiencies.
Varicocele
Varicocele is one of the most common treatable causes. It involves enlarged veins in the scrotum that can raise scrotal temperature and increase oxidative stress—both harmful for sperm movement. Some men feel discomfort or heaviness, while others have no symptoms at all.
Infections and Inflammation
Infections in the reproductive tract can affect motility by increasing inflammation and damaging sperm. Sometimes men have clear symptoms like burning urination, discharge, pelvic discomfort, or history of sexually transmitted infections. In other cases, infection is silent and discovered through testing.
A key point: treating infections should be based on proper diagnosis, not random antibiotic use.
Hormonal Imbalance
Hormones control sperm production and quality. Low testosterone, thyroid problems, or high prolactin can affect motility. Hormonal issues may also show up as fatigue, mood changes, low libido, or erectile difficulties.
Oxidative Stress
Oxidative stress is a major hidden factor behind poor motility. It can damage sperm membranes and reduce the energy sperm need to swim forward. Common contributors include smoking, obesity, varicocele, diabetes, pollution exposure, and poor diet.
Heat Exposure (Very Relevant in Pakistan)
Sperm production and motility depend on the scrotum being slightly cooler than body temperature. Regular heat exposure can reduce motility. Common sources include:
Tight underwear or very tight jeans
Laptop on the lap
Long hours driving (especially in warm conditions)
Hot baths/saunas
Working in high-heat environments
Lifestyle Factors
Smoking, vaping, excessive alcohol, poor nutrition, low activity, and obesity are strongly linked with reduced motility. In many cases, lifestyle is not the only cause, but it can make the condition worse and block recovery.
Medications, Steroids, and Medical Treatments
Certain medications can affect sperm. Anabolic steroid use is particularly harmful because it can shut down normal sperm production and reduce quality. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can also impact motility, sometimes temporarily and sometimes long-term.
Genetic and Structural Tail Problems
In some men, sperm tail structure or function is affected by genetic factors. These cases may present with very low progressive motility despite reasonable count. When suspected, specialist evaluation is important, and assisted reproduction especially ICSI may become the most effective route.
Can You Still Get Pregnant With Asthenozoospermia?
Yes, many couples still conceive, especially when motility reduction is mild to moderate and other parameters are healthy. The chances depend on the severity of motility loss, the total number of moving sperm, timing of intercourse, and the female partner’s fertility factors.
For some couples, improving lifestyle and treating a specific cause is enough. For others, assisted options help shorten the timeline and increase success rates.
A useful concept doctors often consider is the “total motile sperm count,” which is basically how many sperm in the sample are both present and moving. The higher the number, the better the chances for natural conception or IUI. When the usable moving sperm are very low, IVF or ICSI may be recommended.
Treatment Options for Asthenozoospermia
Asthenozoospermia, a condition marked by low sperm motility, can affect male fertility but is often treatable.
Treatment options may include lifestyle changes, medications, antioxidant therapy, and assisted reproductive techniques depending on the underlying cause.
Lifestyle Changes That Actually Help Motility
Lifestyle changes work best when done consistently for at least a few months. Because sperm takes time to regenerate, improvements are not instant.
Focus on:
Better sleep, reduced stress, weight management, regular exercise, and stopping smoking or vaping. Also reduce heat exposure looser underwear, avoiding long laptop-on-lap sessions, and taking breaks during long driving hours can make a difference.
Diet and Fertility Nutrition
A diet rich in antioxidants supports sperm health. Fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and balanced protein intake can improve the body’s ability to protect sperm from oxidative stress. In Pakistan, many men rely heavily on fried foods and low-nutrient meals due to routine and stress. Adjusting diet can be a powerful, low-cost step.
Supplements and Antioxidants (Doctor-Guided)
Some supplements are commonly used to support motility because they reduce oxidative stress and support sperm energy production. These may include zinc, selenium, CoQ10, vitamin C, vitamin E, and L-carnitine. The key is to use supplements responsibly and ideally under medical guidance, because overdosing or taking the wrong combinations can cause side effects and waste time.
Treating Infection or Inflammation
If testing confirms infection, targeted treatment can improve motility. Many men make the mistake of self-medicating antibiotics, which can delay proper diagnosis and lead to resistance. If infection is suspected, the right approach is testing first and treatment second.
Hormonal Treatment (Only When Needed)
Hormone therapy is not for everyone. It depends completely on your hormone results. In men with confirmed hormonal imbalance, treating the underlying issue can improve sperm production and motility over time.
Varicocele Treatment (Including Surgery)
When varicocele is significant and linked to abnormal semen results or infertility, varicocelectomy may be recommended. Improvement usually takes time and is often evaluated after at least three months. Not every varicocele needs surgery, so a proper specialist assessment matters.
Assisted Reproductive Techniques (IUI, IVF, ICSI)
When motility is mild, IUI may be an option because the sperm is washed and placed closer to where it needs to go. When motility is severe, IVF with ICSI is often recommended because it involves injecting a single sperm directly into the egg, bypassing the need for strong swimming ability.
Choosing the right option depends on both partners’ fertility factors and how long you’ve been trying.
How Long Does It Take to Improve Sperm Motility?
Most improvements take at least three months, because sperm needs time to develop and mature. This is why doctors often reassess semen analysis after a full sperm regeneration cycle. If you make changes today, you typically evaluate progress after 70 to 90 days.
Pakistan-Focused Practical Guidance
If your semen analysis shows low motility and you’re searching online for “sperm motility kam hai” or “mardana be oladi ka ilaj,” start with the basics. Confirm the result with proper repeat testing, avoid heat exposure, stop smoking, improve sleep, and manage stress. Then do a structured evaluation for varicocele, infection, and hormones rather than jumping straight into random medicines.
Also be careful with unregulated products marketed as “instant sperm improvement” or “desi dawa.” Many of these are not evidence-based and can delay proper treatment.
When to See a Specialist
You should seek specialist help if motility is very low, if repeat tests remain abnormal, if you have a history of testicular surgery or injury, if varicocele is suspected, or if you have been trying for a long time without success. Early evaluation saves time and reduces emotional stress.
Help for Low Sperm Motility and Male Infertility
At Nasim Fertility Center, men can receive confidential, professional evaluation and treatment planning for fertility issues such as low sperm motility, low sperm count, hormonal imbalance, erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, and related concerns. Led by Dr. Farooq Nasim Bhatti, a highly experienced and internationally qualified medical sexologist, Fertility Center focuses on identifying the real cause behind abnormal semen reports and designing a personalised plan based on medical testing, lifestyle factors, and fertility goals.
Whether you are trying for natural pregnancy or preparing for IUI, IVF, or ICSI, proper guidance can make a major difference in the outcome. Nasim Fertility Center also provides discreet consultation options for patients across Pakistan.
Summary
Asthenozoospermia is a common cause of male infertility, but it is often manageable. Proper diagnosis begins with semen analysis and may require repeat testing, hormone checks, ultrasound for varicocele, and infection screening. Treatment can include lifestyle improvements, nutrition changes, supplements, medical therapy, varicocele treatment, and assisted reproductive techniques when needed. Because sperm regeneration takes time, most improvements appear after about three months. With the right plan and professional guidance, many couples in Pakistan can improve fertility and achieve pregnancy.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is asthenozoospermia in simple words?
It means sperm are not swimming well enough, which can make fertilisation difficult.
What is the difference between total motility and progressive motility?
Total motility includes all moving sperm, while progressive motility includes sperm that move forward effectively. Progressive motility is more important for pregnancy.
Can asthenozoospermia be cured completely?
Many cases improve significantly when the cause is treated. Some severe cases may need assisted reproduction, but pregnancy is still possible.
Can I get pregnant naturally if sperm motility is low?
Yes, especially in mild cases or when other parameters are normal, but it may take longer.
Does varicocele cause low sperm motility?
Yes, varicocele is a common cause and is often treatable.
Does masturbation reduce sperm motility?
Masturbation does not permanently reduce motility. It may only temporarily affect semen volume based on timing.
How long does it take to improve sperm motility?
Most changes need about three months to reflect in semen analysis.
Which supplements help sperm motility the most?
Antioxidant-based supplements may help some men, but they should be used under medical guidance.
Does heat reduce sperm motility?
Yes. Heat exposure from tight clothing, long sitting, laptops on lap, or hot baths can reduce motility.
When is IUI recommended for low motility?
IUI may be considered in mild to moderate motility problems if other factors are favourable.
When is IVF or ICSI needed?
ICSI is often recommended when motility is very low or when other fertility factors are present.
References (Scientific Studies)
World Health Organisation. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 6th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. World Health Organization
Björndahl L, Kirkman Brown J, other contributors. The sixth edition of the WHO Laboratory Manual for Human Semen Analysis: major changes and clinical implications. Fertil Steril. 2022. ScienceDirect
Aydın ME, et al. The impact of the new 2021 reference limits of the World Health Organization semen parameters. J Men’s Health. 2024. Jomh
Chung E. Sixth edition of the World Health Organization laboratory manual for semen analysis: clinical updates and key takeaways. 2023. (Discusses motility/vitality assessment considerations in WHO 6th edition context.) PMC
Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Cocuzza M, Agarwal R, Short RA, Sabanegh E. Efficacy of varicocelectomy in improving semen parameters: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2007. PubMed
Schauer I, Madersbacher S, Jost R, Hubner WA, Imhof M. The impact of varicocelectomy on sperm parameters: a meta-analysis. J Urol. 2012. ScienceDirect
Cannarella R, et al. Does varicocele repair improve conventional semen parameters? World J Men’s Health. 2024. World Journal of Men’s Health
Mo L, et al. The mechanism of oxidative stress in asthenozoospermia and related therapeutic strategies (review). 2025. PMC
Wang Y, et al. Mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced sperm dysfunction (review). Front Endocrinol. 2025. Frontiers
Sharma AP, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of antioxidant supplementation on semen parameters. 2022. ScienceDirect
Su L, et al. Effect of antioxidants on sperm quality parameters in subfertile men (systematic review/meta-analysis). Adv Nutr. 2022. advances.nutrition.org
Akhigbe TM, et al. Does coenzyme Q10 improve semen quality and reproductive hormones? 2025. PMC
Ma L, et al. Comparison of L-carnitine vs CoQ10 and vitamin E for improving sperm parameters: randomized controlled trial. 2022. European Review
Chen T, et al. ICSI outcomes for infertile men with severe or complete asthenozoospermia. 2022. PMC
Kavoussi PK, et al. Do mobile phones and laptop computers really impact male fertility? (review, includes scrotal temperature findings with laptop-on-lap). 2024. PMC
Al-Odat I, et al. Impact of tobacco cigarette smoking on semen quality and male reproductive hormones. 2025. PMC
Disclaimer
This information is for educational purposes and not the treatment. For treatment, you need to consult the doctor.
Dr. Farooq Nasim Bhatti (MBBS, FAACS – USA, Diplomate: American Board of Sexology, CST, HSC – Hong Kong, CART – Malaysia & China) is a qualified medical sexologist with 30+ years of experience. He has presented 21+ research papers internationally and treats sexual dysfunction through sex therapy, counseling, and pharmacotherapy to restore natural sexual function without temporary medication.
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